Living Without a Verdict: Intolerance of Uncertainty and Anticipatory Anxiety in Franz Kafka's The Trial

Abstract

The psychological effects of uncertainty are investigated in this study considering Franz Kafka's The Trial (1925) and Michel J Dugas's Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) theory. Although the novel has received much attention from existential, legal, and socio-political perspectives, few studies have analyzed Josef K.’s mental decline using a contemporary cognitive theory of anxiety. This research explores the impact of extended uncertainty on anticipatory anxiety and one's thoughts, feelings and actions. The study employs qualitative research design and close textual analysis to explore how the unexplained arrest of Josef K., the confused judiciary system and the seemingly unending delays create a constant sense of fear, worry, hypervigilance, emotional instability and helplessness. It also explores the erosion of his sense of identity, decision-making ability, and sense of reality as he slowly loses control and clarity. Analysis reveals the novel to be an effective illustration of the Dugas's IU theory. Kafka's novel demonstrates an unresolved ambiguity which results in a psychological burden. The interdisciplinary approach focuses on the novel's significance in the context of mental effects of uncertainty. The study suggests the application of IU theory to other literature for better understanding of the impact of being a person living with ambiguity in everyday life.